Thermodynamic model identifies how gold reaches Earth's surface

Fun to imagine on geophysical length scales that each dot of gold-sulfur rich complex in the diagram could represent like several orders of magnitude more gold than has ever been mined out of the Earth to date.

(No idea whether that is the right sizing, but I could totally imagine it being the case)

edit:

"...The estimated amount of gold ever mined is around 212,582 tonnes, according to the World Gold Council. This is roughly equivalent to a cube of gold that's about 22 meters on each side..."

https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/how-much-gold

https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-much-gold-has-been-found-world

Referenced paper: https://pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2404731121

Fred Hoyle theorised (or popularised other peoples theories) that it squeezed like water from the interstitial spaces in the rock under geological time and pressure. I've got a book of his from the 60s discussing planetary formation which mentions it.

For the curious: Around 75% of post industrial gold mined globally comes from deposits linked to volcanic and hydrothermal activity

I await for this to be incorporated into the Dwarf Fortress world seeding algorithm ;) .